Possible ecological risks of transgenic organism release when transgenes affect mating success: Sexual selection and the Trojan gene hypothesis

Widespread interest in producing transgenic organisms is balanced by concern over ecological hazards, such as species extinction if such organisms were to be released into nature. An ecological risk associated with the introduction of a transgenic organism is that the transgene, though rare, can spread in a natural population. An increase in transgene frequency is often assumed to be unlikely because transgenic organisms typically have some viability disadvantage. Reduced viability is assumed to be common because transgenic individuals are best viewed as macromutants that lack any history of selection that could reduce negative fitness effects. However, these arguments ignore the potential advantageous effects of transgenes on some aspect of fitness such as mating success. Here, we examine the risk to a natural population after release of a few transgenic individuals when the transgene trait simultaneously increases transgenic male mating success and lowers the viability of transgenic offspring. We obtained relevant life history data by using the small cyprinodont fish, Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) as a model. Our deterministic equations predict that a transgene introduced into a natural population by a small number of transgenic fish will spread as a result of enhanced mating advantage, but the reduced viability of offspring will cause eventual local extinction of both populations. Such risks should be evaluated with each new transgenic animal before release.

Green-fluorescent protein facilitates rapid in vivo detection of genetically transformed plant cells

Early detection of plant transformation events is necessary for the rapid establishment and optimization of plant transformation protocols. We have assessed modified versions of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) from Aequorea victoria as early reporters of plant transformation using a dissecting fluorescence microscope with appropriate filters. Gfp-expressing cells from four different plant species (sugarcane, maize, lettuce, and tobacco) were readily distinguished, following either Agrobacterium-mediated or particle bombardment-mediated transformation. The identification of gfp-expressing sugarcane cells allowed for the elimination of a high proportion of non-expressing explants and also enabled visual selection of dividing transgenic cells, an early step in the generation of transgenic organisms. The recovery of transgenic cell clusters was streamlined by the ability to visualize gfp-expressing tissues in vitro.

The evolution of cooperation in asymmetric systems

Explaining "Tragedy of the Commons" of evolution of cooperation remains one of the greatest problems for both biology and social science. Asymmetrical interaction, which is one of the most important characteristics of cooperative system, has not been sufficiently considered in the existing models of the evolution of cooperation. Considering the inequality in the number and payoff between the cooperative actors and recipients in cooperation systems, discriminative density-dependent interference competition will occur in limited dispersal systems. Our model and simulation show that the local but not the global stability of a cooperative interaction can be maintained if the utilization of common resource remains unsaturated, which can be achieved by density-dependent restraint or competition among the cooperative actors. More intense density dependent interference competition among the cooperative actors and the ready availability of the common resource, with a higher intrinsic contribution ratio of a cooperative actor to the recipient, will increase the probability of cooperation. The cooperation between the recipient and the cooperative actors can be transformed into conflict and, it oscillates chaotically with variations of the affecting factors under different environmental or ecological conditions. The higher initial relatedness (i.e. similar to kin or reciprocity relatedness), which is equivalent to intrinsic contribution ratio of a cooperative actor to the recipient, can be selected for by penalizing less cooperative or cheating actors but rewarding cooperative individuals in asymmetric systems. The initial relatedness is a pivot but not the aim of evolution of cooperation. This explains well the direct conflict observed in almost all cooperative systems.

Avanços recentes em biologia celular e molecular, questões éticas implicadas e sua abordagem em aulas de biologia no ensino médio: um estudo de caso

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Dependência e monopólio no comércio internacional de sementes transgênicas

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Ensino de temas da genética contemporânea: análise das contribuições de um curso de formação continuada

Pós-graduação em Educação para a Ciência - FC

Charakterisierung einer pflanzlichen Variante des Cytoskelettproteins gamma-Tubulin durch Strukturmodellierung, Überexpression und Analyse der Interaktionspartner

Wie alle Eukaryoten besitzen auch höhere Pflanzen ein mikrotubuläres Cytoskelett. Einige Funktionen dieses Cytoskeletts sind relativ stark konserviert, andere dagegen scheinen sehr pflanzenspezifisch zu sein. Dies betrifft insbesondere charakteristische mikrotubuläre Netzwerke, die bei der Neubildung und der Verstärkung der Zellwände wichtige Rollen übernehmen. Wie der Aufbau dieser Netzwerke kontrolliert wird, ist bisher relativ unklar. Typische Mikrotubuli organisierende Zentren (MTOC), insbesondere Centrosomen oder Spindelpolkörper, sind bei höheren Pflanzen nicht beobachtet worden. Von pilzlichen und tierischen Organismen weiß man, dass gamma-Tubulin (gTUB) mit seinen assoziierten Proteinen in den MTOC bei der Nukleation von Mikrotubuli eine Schlüsselfunktion hat. Dieses Mitglied der Tubulin-Superfamilie wird aber auch in Pflanzen gefunden, dessen genaue Funktion bisher unbekannt ist. Zu Beginn der Arbeit wurden mittels in silico Berechnungen Strukturmodelle des pflanzlichen gTUBs aus Nicotiana tabacum erarbeitet, da die Struktur, die zu einem Verständnis der pflanzlichen Wachstumsregulation beitragen könnte, bisher unbekannt ist. Auf Grundlage der bioinformatischen Daten konnte für weitere Studien eine notwendige gTUB-Deletionsmutante entwickelt werden. Für Röntgendiffraktionsstudien und gTUB-Interaktionspartneranalysen war die Verfügbarkeit verhältnismäßig großer Proteinmengen notwendig. Die Expression der gTUB-Volllängensequenz in gelöster und aktiver Form stellte einen immanent wichtigen Zwischenschritt dar. Das Escherichia coli T7/lacO-Expressionssystem lieferte, trotz vielversprechender Erfolge in der Vergangenheit, kein gelöstes rekombinantes gTUB. So wurden zwar verhältnismäßig hohe Expressionsraten erzielt, aber das rekombinante gTUB lag quantitativ als Inclusion bodies vor. Eine Variationen der Expressionsparameter sowie umfangreiche Versuche mittels verschiedenster Konstrukte sowie potentiell die Löslichkeit erhöhenden Tags gTUB in gelöster Form in E. coli zu exprimieren blieben erfolglos. Eine Denaturierung der Inclusion bodies und Rückfaltung wurde aufgrund der wohl bei der Tubulinfaltung notwendigen komplexeren Chaperone sowie thermodynamischer Überlegungen ausgeschlossen. Die höher evolvierte Chaperonausstattung war ein Hauptgrund für die Verwendung der eukaryotischen Hefe-Expressionssysteme K. lactis und des S. cerevisiae-Stammes FGY217 zur gTUB-Expression. So konnten nach der Selektion nur transgene Hefe-Zellen dokumentiert werden, die die gTUB-Expressionskassette nachweislich an der vorgesehenen Zielposition in ihrem Genom integrierten, aber keine dokumentierbare Expression zeigten. Die wahrscheinlichste Begründung hierfür ist, dass ein erhöhter intrazellulärer gTUB-Titer mit dem Zellwachstum und der Zellteilung dieser eukaryotischen Organismen interferierte und durch Rückkopplungen die rekombinante gTUB-CDS aus N. tabacum ausgeschaltet wurde. Der Versuch einer transienten gTUB-Überexpression in differenzierten Blattgeweben höherer Pflanzen war eine logische Konsequenz aus den vorherigen Ergebnissen und lieferte, wenn auch nicht die für eine Proteinkristallisation notwendigen Mengen, gelöstes gTUB. Bestrebungen einer stabilen Transfektion von A. thaliana oder BY-2-Zellkulturen mit einer gTUB-CDS lieferten keine transgenen Organismen, was starke Interferenzen der rekombinanten gTUB-CDS in den Zellen vermuten lies. Transfektionsversuche mit nur GFP tragenden Konstrukten ergaben hingegen eine hohe Anzahl an transgenen Organismen, die auch verhältnismäßig starke Expressionsraten zeigten. Die erzielten Proteinmengen bei der transienten gTUB-Überexpression in N. benthamiana Blattgeweben, in Co-Expression mit dem Posttransriptional Gene Silencing-Suppressorprotein p19, waren für einen Pull-Down sowie eine massenspektroskopische Analyse der Interaktionspartner ausreichend und ergaben Befunde. Eine abschließende Auswertung des erarbeiteten massenspektroskopischen Datensatzes wird jedoch erst dann möglich sein, wenn das Tabak-Proteom vollständig sequenziert ist. Die Erweiterung der bestehenden pflanzlichen Vergleichsdatenbanken um das bisher bekannte Tabak-Proteom vervielfachte die Anzahl der in dieser Studie identifizierten gTUB-Interaktionspartner. Interaktionen mit dem TCP1-Chaperon untermauern die Hypothese der zur Faltung pflanzlichen gTUBs notwendigen Chaperone. Beobachtete gTUB-Degradationsmuster in Verbindung mit Interaktionen des 26S-Proteasoms deuten auf eine Gegenregulationen bei erhöhtem gTUB-Titer auf Proteinebene hin. Da Blattgewebe selbst nur noch über eine sehr geringe und inhomogene Teilungsaktivität verfügen ist diese Regulation hoch spannend. Auch konnte durch Co-Expression des PTGS-Suppressorproteins p19 gezeigt werden, dass bei der gTUB-Expression eine Regulation auf RNA-Ebene erfolgt.

Design and construction of a new Drosophila species, D.synthetica, by synthetic regulatory evolution

Here, I merge the principles of synthetic biology1,2 and regulatory evolution3-11 to create a new species12-15 with a minimal set of known elements. Using preexisting transgenes and recessive mutations of Drosophila melanogaster, a transgenic population arises with small eyes and a different venation pattern that fulfills the criteria of a new species according to Mayr's "Biological Species Concept"7,10. The genetic circuit entails the loss of a non-essential transcription factor and the introduction of cryptic enhancers. Subsequent activation of those enhancers causes hybrid lethality. The transition from "transgenic organisms" towards "synthetic species", such as Drosophila synthetica, constitutes a safety mechanism to avoid hybridization with wild type populations and preserve natural biodiversity16-18. Drosophila synthetica is the first transgenic organism that cannot hybridize with the original wild type population but remains fertile when crossed with other transgenic animals.

Toward controlling gene expression at will: Specific regulation of the erbB-2/HER-2 promoter by using polydactyl zinc finger proteins constructed from modular building blocks

To create a universal system for the control of gene expression, we have studied methods for the construction of novel polydactyl zinc finger proteins that recognize extended DNA sequences. Elsewhere we have described the generation of zinc finger domains recognizing sequences of the 5′-GNN-3′ subset of a 64-member zinc finger alphabet. Here we report on the use of these domains as modular building blocks for the construction of polydactyl proteins specifically recognizing 9- or 18-bp sequences. A rapid PCR assembly method was developed that, together with this predefined set of zinc finger domains, provides ready access to 17 million novel proteins that bind the 5′-(GNN)6-3′ family of 18-bp DNA sites. To examine the efficacy of this strategy in gene control, the human erbB-2 gene was chosen as a model. A polydactyl protein specifically recognizing an 18-bp sequence in the 5′-untranslated region of this gene was converted into a transcriptional repressor by fusion with Krüppel-associated box (KRAB), ERD, or SID repressor domains. Transcriptional activators were generated by fusion with the herpes simplex VP16 activation domain or with a tetrameric repeat of VP16’s minimal activation domain, termed VP64. We demonstrate that both gene repression and activation can be achieved by targeting designed proteins to a single site within the transcribed region of a gene. We anticipate that gene-specific transcriptional regulators of the type described here will find diverse applications in gene therapy, functional genomics, and the generation of transgenic organisms.

An essential cell division gene of Drosophila, absent from Saccharomyces, encodes an unusual protein with tubulin-like and myosin-like peptide motifs

Null mutations at the misato locus of Drosophila melanogaster are associated with irregular chromosomal segregation at cell division. The consequences for morphogenesis are that mutant larvae are almost devoid of imaginal disk tissue, have a reduction in brain size, and die before the late third-instar larval stage. To analyze these findings, we isolated cDNAs in and around the misato locus, mapped the breakpoints of chromosomal deficiencies, determined which transcript corresponded to the misato gene, rescued the cell division defects in transgenic organisms, and sequenced the genomic DNA. Database searches revealed that misato codes for a novel protein, the N-terminal half of which contains a mixture of peptide motifs found in α-, β-, and γ-tubulins, as well as a motif related to part of the myosin heavy chain proteins. The sequence characteristics of misato indicate either that it arose from an ancestral tubulin-like gene, different parts of which underwent convergent evolution to resemble motifs in the conventional tubulins, or that it arose by the capture of motifs from different tubulin genes. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome lacks a true homolog of the misato gene, and this finding highlights the emerging problem of assigning functional attributes to orphan genes that occur only in some evolutionary lineages.

Improved DNA binding specificity from polyzinc finger peptides by using strings of two-finger units

Multizinc finger peptides are likely to reach increased prominence in the search for the “ideal” designer transcription factor for in vivo applications such as gene therapy. However, for these treatments to be effective and safe, the peptides must bind with high affinity and, more importantly, with great specificity. Our previous research has shown that zinc finger arrays can be made to bind 18 bp of DNA with picomolar affinity, but also has suggested that arrays of fingers also may bind tightly to related sequences. This work addresses the question of zinc finger DNA binding specificity. We show that by changing the way in which zinc finger arrays are constructed—by linking three two-finger domains rather than two three-finger units—far greater target specificity can be achieved through increased discrimination against mutated or closely related sequences. These new peptides have the added capability of being able to span two short gaps of unbound DNA, although still binding with picomolar affinity to their target sites. We believe that this new method of constructing zinc finger arrays will offer greater efficacy in the fields of gene therapy and in the production of transgenic organisms than previously reported zinc finger arrays.

Efeitos da dupla transgenia do eixo somatotrópico (GH/GHR) sobre aspectos estruturais e moleculares do sistema imunológico do peixe-zebra (Danio rerio)

O desenvolvimento de organismos transgênicos para o hormônio do crescimento (GH) tem sido considerado uma importante alternativa para o aumento nas taxas de crescimento animal. Entretanto, os efeitos do excesso do GH não se limitam aos processos do crescimento. Sistemas fisiológicos como o sistema imunológico, já demonstraram ser prejudicados pelo desbalanço dos níveis do GH. Tendo em vista a importância da geração de organismos transgênicos para o GH no âmbito da aquicultura, esforços se fazem necessários na elaboração de estratégias com o intuito de reduzir ou compensar os efeitos adicionais do excesso de GH. Nos hipotetizamos que a geração de peixes duplo transgênicos os quais superexpressem GH e GHR apenas no músculo esquelético, poderia ser uma possível alternativa para compensar os efeitos prejudiciais ocasionados pelo excesso de GH sobre os sistemas fisiológicos mantendo, ao mesmo tempo, as altas taxas de crescimento. Afim de testar esta hipótese, nós avaliamos a morfometria de órgãos imunes, como o timo, o rim cefálico e o baço; os conteúdos de células T CD3+ e CD4+ no timo e no rim anterior e a expressão de genes relacionados à imunidade. Contrariando as expectativas iniciais, os resultados revelaram que a superexpressão do GHR no músculo esquelético não é capaz de diminuir os efeitos danosos causados pelo GH no tamanho do timo e rim anterior e no conteúdo de células T CD3+ e CD4+ nestes órgãos. Inesperadamente, zebrafish transgênicos somente para o GHR revelaram prejuízos nos aspectos imunes similares aos observados aos transgênicos para GH. De forma geral, estes resultados indicam que a dupla transgenia para o GH/GHR não é capaz de atenuar os efeitos negativos causados pelo excess de GH sobre o sistema imunológico de zebrafish transgênicos. Além disso, a transgenia para genes componentes do eixo somatotrófico pode ainda reforçar os danos as funções imunes em transgênicos, não recuperando os danos causados pelo excesso de GH.

A legislação portuguesa de segurança biológica, um instrumento de gestão ambiental?

Dissertação de mest. em Gestão e Conservação da Natureza, Faculdade de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente, Univ. do Algarve, 2003